Uganda and Australia Economic Comparison

Uganda and Australia Economic Comparison Miranda Cogdell Audra Harris INTRODUCTION This essay will reflect a comparison between the poor nation of Uganda and the wealthy nation of Australia. Differences between a poor nation and wealthy one both depend on on the same factors which include: Infrastructure, exports, imports, education, GDP, population, and etc. These factors is what basically makes or breaks a country. Aspects like nutrition and health depend on these factors because it’s what makes available resources and funds to be able to afford the necessary equipment and supplies to sustain a healthy nation. What makes a nation wealthy doesn’t solely depend on the money aspect, but the benefits of being provided opportunity to allow a country to grow and have economic stability. Throughout this essay I will describes current events that Uganda is facing compared to Australia whose information provided is more general. The difference is significant because of lack of opportunity that Uganda has been provided. GDP Gross Domestic Product of a country depends on several things. All of which can be at different levels within the country. GDP depends on education status, exports, imports, infrastructure, government spending, and investment. According to the World Bank source, Uganda’s GDP in 2012 was 19.88 billion USD. Australia’s GDP is 1.521 trillion USD according to the World Bank. It is quite clear to see the difference between these two countries GDPs. Australia is more advanced than Uganda in many aspects. Uganda is labeled one of the poorest countries because it hasn’t been able to come above the poverty line. In order to make money there must be money that has to be spent. There isn’t much income within the country of Uganda, so the steps that this country takes to try to create stability are very careful steps. INFRASTRUCTURE Infrastructure can be a road, building, or substantial physical supplies that help in the improvement and advancement of a society, community, or country. Uganda is quite a poor nation and several years ago a program was established to produce a number of roads to better the transportation in Uganda communities. One of their biggest problems were the lack of access to transportation to improve the agricultural aspect of Uganda. ‘..the lack of access roads in many rural communities made it extremely difficult for farmers to market their produce. This limited farmers’ productivity, contributed to their apathy about technical innovations, and burdened traders in rural areas with high transaction costs. Farmers received lower prices as a result. In addition, farmers lacked reliable, up to-date information on market prices, and were largely unaware of potentially profitable market opportunities.† (Uganda: Community Agricultural Infrastructure Improvement Programme, pg. 6) The above statement states the problems that those in Uganda were having. For a country to have a better GDP, problems like this should be fixed. Uganda’s infrastructure is low and needs to be improved. Electricity is also beginning to become a sufficient problem within Uganda. The school systems are starting to struggle more. Students in primary and secondary schools need the necessary technology to advance their educ ation, but that will not happen without an electrical resource. Programs such a the Agricultural Infrastructure Improvement Program is one of the first to show improvements, which can lead to the opening of other infrastructure programs that help build the country. It’s just one of the many steps to improve the country’s GDP and put them on a higher scale in the world. Australia is a well rounded country whose GDP is not lacking in any sense. They are in a place where they are able to produce roads and buildings to further their prospering country. They are currently going through a tax loss and they now make list three times out of the year of infrastructure priorities that should take place. EXPORTS AND IMPORTS Uganda is one of the poorest countries because of its economic instability, but the past years have consisted of statistics that shows the growth of the country due to the help of it’s natural resources. Since Uganda is rich in agriculture, so they mainly focus their exports on crops and such. Their main exports consist of coffee, tea, cotton, and tobacco. Their imports is what really shows the struggle the nation faces. They import things such as equipment, medical supplies, and transportation. Becoming a wealthy nation isn’t the easiest thing to do, but right now the best growth that Uganda will see is through it’s exports. Agriculture is their best chance at gaining somewhat of a fair economic stability compared to other countries. Australia has surprisingly shown up and down battles when it comes to exports and imports. Australia has similar top trading partners for exports and imports which would include: Japan, United States, Republic of Korea, China, India, and etc. Australia’s best exports have been beginning to decline in the past three years. Commodities such as coal, aluminum, and copper have all declined in the past years. It hasn’t reached a point where the country has to worry, but investigating the situation may be helpful. There could many possibilities on why countries Australia normally trades with aren’t wanting the usual amount of commodities. Other countries could be facing financial problems of their own or have found a cheaper price from a different country. Exports and imports are very important parts in balancing the equation in calculating the GDP of a country. When variables begin to be adjusted, in this case, the variables are being adjusted in a negative slope. EDUCATION Education is seen as one of the most important aspects of developing a wealthy nation. In recent articles there has been many debates on what is really holding back an advancement in education in Uganda. Sean Coughlan, a BBC News correspondent, recently published an article about why exactly Uganda isn’t experiencing any improvements in education. The answers seem to be clear and it is because of the lack of teachers and infrastructure in Uganda. Many teachers are still waiting to receive their payment for the previous month. Money is a serious problem in the school system. There isn’t enough money to fund the teachers. Coughlan suggest that since many of the teachers in Uganda have to find multiple jobs to pay their bills they don’t put all of their focus on the children and the schools. This is when it becomes even more of a problem. Promoting Equality in African Schools (PEAS) is a program that helps sustain and improve the quality and standard of schools in A frica. PEAS came up with a solution that may help with some of the financial problems. The parents are required to pay a small fee to schools. This will allow future income to fund the teachers, but this isn’t the last of the schooling problems. Infrastructure has become an issue. There is a great lack of electricity that Uganda is available to, and the schools need computers and textbooks. Compared to other well functioning countries, not having new technology in schools is out of the question. If infrastructure improves, then that could be the breakthrough that schools need to provide a better education for the students. Australian educational system is very diverse and growing rapidly. Compared to any other stables country, Australia has a number of primary and secondary schools, song with universities that are government funded. They do not lack any funds within their school systems, but that doesn’t mean that students are always focused and have the best test scores. Recently, there have been studies that have shown that Australian teenage students are showing fallen math and reading scores compared to ten years prior. These students are provided with new computers and other new technology advancement to encourage the students, but it doesn’t seem to be having the effect that was hoped for. This proves that new technology will not give the necessary encouragement students in wealthy nations need to be successful and driven. POPULATION Uganda was making great strides in decreasing poverty within the country, but the increase in population is making it hard to continue on that path. The increase in population is only making things quite difficult on rural areas. This just means that there are going to be more people who fall beneath the poverty line. Population increase can cause more harm than good in poor countries. It starts to affect the health and nutrition of the people and only adds to already many problems. Many are farmers in these rural areas and they aren’t able to have access to the things they need to establish regular income. These farmers typically live in the remote rural areas where there are not sufficient and able roads. These farmers are also oblivious to new technology that would increase their crops and keep the pest away. Currently, Australia is going through a boom in their population due to a lag in previous generations. Research shows that the impact the population has an area depends on their practices and daily intake. Although, Australia is able to provide double the exports and imports which would be enough for their country , but also any country outside of theirs. But there is debate on rather or not the population should increase abundantly. People are assuming that if the population begins to increase, then everyone will have to start to cut back on their intake of items. CONCLUSION Parts of Uganda are starting to develop at a sufficient pace, but there are other problems in different areas that are causing setbacks for the developing parts. While researching the two countries I could tell by the GDP which country would be considered the poor one and which the wealthy. Uganda main struggling points is education and infrastructure. They have the natural resources to strive in agricultural, but their rural areas are not witnessing the same economic growth because they are in remote parts of the country. Both farmers and students cannot be helped until the roads and newer technology is introduced to them. My personal belief is that these people should be removed from these areas and brought to more developing parts of the country. As population increases it becomes a greater problem because now there are more people in these remote areas who are not getting the proper care and resources they need. I believe to be a wealthy nation one must be awarded the opportunity to be wealthy. I find it odd that countries like Australia could thrive, but Uganda is not. I’m not saying that Uganda will never thrive, but why aren’t they at the same level as Australia. Why are there still remote parts of Uganda that people are a part of. I believe countries are giving opportunities to become better and Uganda was not one of them along with other poor nations. How come our ways aren’t moving towards the poor nations and trying to help improve them. Many wealthy nations have the resources and funding to help poor nations rise and stand on their own feet. Uganda being rich in agriculture could be a benefit to other countries. They export to great countries, but those exports could double if farmers in remote parts weren’t so isolated and so uninvolved in the economic growth and decisions of more developing parts. I have yet to find any real true answer to why these coun tries are so different in mass ways. Yes, it’s clear that with no resources there is nothing to come from, but resources can be shared and provided in great demand from other wealthy countries. Something should be done outside the poor nations to fix the economic problems. Poverty shouldn’t come in such large numbers. One country shouldn’t worry about not having clean fresh water while the other could care less because they see it as it will always be there. Something must be done. Citations African Development Bank Building today, a better Africa tomorrow. African Development Bank Building today, a better Africa tomorrow. 25 Mar. 2014 http://www.afdb.org/>. Australias trade in goods and services Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and  Trade. Australias trade in goods and services Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 18 Feb. 2014. http://dfat.gov.au/publications/tgs/index.html. Beder, Sharon. The Nature of Sustainable Development. 2nd ed. Scribe, Newham, 1996, pp. 159-61. Coughlan, Sean. Tackling Ugandas lack of school places. BBC News. 08 Jan. 2014. 21 Feb. 2014.  http://www.bbc.com/news/business-25304848. Economy Watch Follow The Money. Uganda Trade, Import, Export. 02 Mar. 2014 http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/uganda/export-import.html. Home Rural Poverty Portal. Rural Poverty Portal. 22 Feb. 2014 http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/country/home/tags/uganda. Infrastructure Priority List Submissions. Infrastructure Priority List Submissions. 15 Feb. 2014  http://www.infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/priority_list/submissions.aspx.

The Death of My Grandpa

The sadest day in my life. When I was a child I lived with a important person for me. He was my grandfather, he was my best friend, with him I share the happinest moments of my life. Everything was hapiness and I lived in a beautiful world. But a horrible moment arrived and everything finished. When I recived the most confusing and sadest news in my life. One morning, my cousin arrived at my home and with her hesitant voice, she told me some news that I didn`t understand.In that moment my mom arrived and she told me that my grandfather had passed away, she said that with some sweet words, because she knew how important he was for me. I could only try understand all the things that people told me, so I went to my grandmother`s house and when I came in, the only thing I saw was the lonely bed of my grandfather; in that moment I felt a inmense sadness in my heart, that moment was when I could understand everything, that I never again my grandfather would be with me.After I had understoo d everything or tried to understand what had happended, my family and some friends of us met us at the church for offering emotive masss to give the last good bye to my best friend. It has been the most emotive mass that I had ever lived in my life and that I will never forget. When the mass finished, all people went together to the cementary, some men had already prepared everything. When we arrived, the men who carried to my grandfather, let us see him for last time, when I got close to my grandfather I couldn`t believe that the person that was always happy and laughing, nowwas quiet.In that moment , I felt a inmense confusion and loneliness. My parent, my grandfather and my best friend would never be with me again. That day was the sadest in my life. I know that now I have a new angel, but I lost a friend, since that moment until now, I only have memories of that friend whom I spent happy moments in my life. That day was the sadest in my life although I knew that in that moment i would have a great angel for the rest of my life

Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment Tuskegee Experiment

May Samkari 09/20/2016 Historical Events Paper Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment was done in the campus of Tuskegee Institute, Alabama between the year of 1932 and 1947. It is designed to discover the natural history of syphilis among the African-American population in hopes of justifying treatment programs for blacks Initially the participants have been told that they were treated for â€Å"bad blood†, but they did not receive any treatment from the experiment (â€Å"About,† n.d.; â€Å"The Tuskegee,† n.d.). Actually the standard treatment for the disease which discovered in 1947 was withheld. They have been offered medical care, free meals and survivors insurance. without the benefit of patients informed consent The men were never given adequate treatment for their disease. Even when penicillin became the drug of choice for syphilis in 1947 The participant became aware of their involvement in this experiment only after forty years after many had died. However in 1997, an apology by President Bill Clinton was only witnessed by the remaining seven participants from the experiment. Based from this experiments, The Belmont Report Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research was submitted in April 18,1979 to †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.? (â€Å"Impact,† n.d.). Institutional Review Board. On September 30, 1978, the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research submitted its report entitled â€Å"TheShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment1309 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The blight on human history known as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study was on all counts an immoral and unethical research study. Public Health Services were the ones conducting the experiment, which went on for years (from 1932 to 1972) and throughout the entire thing human beings were used as laboratory animals (The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, 2000). 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Gender Pay Gap in the United States and European Union

Both the United States and European Union are very progressive and dominant economic and political bodies. Both the United States and European Union are leaders in global affairs, and set a standard for many countries to follow. Both the United States and European Union have strived to fight the gender pay gap. However, both the United States and European Union have yet to completely close their gender pay gap. The benefits gained by closing the gender pay gap boil down to the fact that such equality would create a more equal society. As well as equality between men and women, closing the gap would help reduce the risk of women going into poverty and an overall increase in women lifetime earnings. Creating an environment of equality between men and women would speak volumes in terms of economic growth, and overall well-being of both men women alike. Both the United States and European Union has made substantial efforts in closing the gender pay gap. Yet between the two, one has don e a better job towards meeting such a desired and long-term goal and has gained some of the possible benefits acquired from closing the gender pay gap. One cannot begin the discussion of gender pay gap, also known as gender wage inequality, without defining it. Simply put, gender pay gap is the inequality between men and women wages. Gender pay gap is a constant international problem, in which women are paid, on average, less than that of their male counterpart. As to if gender pay gap stillShow MoreRelatedGender Wage Inequality1630 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscussion of gender pay gap without defining it. Simply put, gender pay gap is the inequality between men and women wages. Gender pay gap is a constant international problem, in which women are paid, on average, less than that of their male counterpart. As to if gender pay gap still exist, its exactness fluctuates depending on numerous factors such as professional status, country and regional location, gender, and age. In regards to gender, in some cases, both men and women have stated that the gap doesRead MoreGender Gap In Pay1574 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Gender Pay Gap also referred to as Gender wage gap, gender income difference or male-female income difference refers to the difference between the earning of men and women (Victoria, 2006). The European Union defines the Gender Pay gap as the difference between men and women’s hourly earnings (OECD, 2012). The difference may be measured on hourly, weekly, monthly, or yearly earning. The difference is expressed as a percentage of the men’s earning. However, the difference varies fromRead MoreThe Disparity Between Men And Women1829 Words   |  8 Pages wages between many men and women. 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Essay on James Joyces Dubliners - 1145 Words

James Joyces Dubliners Throughout James Joyce’s â€Å"Dubliners† there are four major themes that are all very connected these are regret, realization, self hatred and Moral paralysis, witch is represented with the actual physical paralysis of Father Flynn in â€Å"The Sisters†. In this paper I intend to explore the different paths and contours of these themes in the four stories where I think they are most prevalent ,and which I most enjoyed â€Å"Araby†, â€Å"Eveline†, â€Å"The Boarding House†, and â€Å"A Little Cloud†. The story of â€Å"Araby† is that of a young boy probably about the age of adolescence who is having his first crush on his friends sister. Although the boy seems to have no intention of realistically perusing the situation when the girl†¦show more content†¦To all of us reading the story the choice is clear, Eveline has no reason to stay home. Frank on the other hand seems like a great guy. Her inability too choose going with Frank or even show him any signs of recognition as seen here â€Å"Her eyes gave him no signs of love or farewell or recognition.†(Joyce P.33)shows a clear moral paralysis. Eveline in contrast to most of the other main characters shows no realization about what she has learned, has learned nothing about her self to hate and is stuck in a seemingly more hopeless moral paralysis. â€Å"The Boarding House† is one of the most interesting stories in the book. First we meet Mrs. Mooney, Polly Mooney the main character’s mother. Because of her history, mostly her exhusband she has become a very tough self sufficient women. Then we have Polly and her love entrust Bob Doran. At first it seems like Bob a thirty five year old matured man is taking advantage of this young sweet nineteen year old girl. As the story goes on and the Mrs. Mooney knows of the affair and lets it happen and then wants something from it we are still not sure. Then Mr. Doran’s indasigen when he was thinking of what had to be done. â€Å"Perhaps they could be happy together.......† It just made him seem so innocent and like a victim(Joyce P.58). But just like the two other stories I discussed the end tells all. Just before Mr. Doran was going to go down to meet with Mrs. Mooney Polly was sitting with him on the bed cryingShow MoreRelatedJames Joyce’s Dubliners Essay1493 Words   |  6 PagesJames Joyce’s Dubliners is a collection of short stories that aims to portray middle class life in Dublin, Ireland in the early twentieth century. Most of the stories are written with themes such as entrapment, paralysis, and epiphany, which are central to the flow of the collection of stories as a whole. Characters are usually limited financially, socially, and/or by their environment; they realize near the end of each story that they cannot escape their unfortunate situation in Dublin. These storiesRead MoreParalysis In James Joyces Dubliners1086 Words   |  5 PagesHopefully this Essay is Slightly More Intelligible than Finnegan’s Wake: Dubliners Essay â€Å"To be or not to be, that is the question.† Hamlet’s famous quotation implies only two solutions: to be, or to not be. However, there is another option that Shakespeare never explored: to remain paralyzed between the two states, unable to commit to either. James Joyce’s Dubliners is a collection of short stories first published in 1914, that follows the inhabitants of Ireland. Published nearly a half a centuryRead MoreJames Joyces Dubliners Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesA Literary Analysis of Dubliners James Joyce created a collection of short stories in Dubliners describing the time and place he grew up in. At the time it was written, Joyce intends to portray to the people of Dublin the problems with the Irish lifestyles. 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The psychic dramaRead MoreReligion in James Joyces Dubliners Essay1452 Words   |  6 PagesReligion in James Joyces Dubliners Religion was an integral part of Ireland during the modernist period, tightly woven into the social fabric of its citizens. The Catholic Church wa s a longstandingRead MoreJames Joyces Dubliners Essay1450 Words   |  6 PagesDubliners James Joyce wrote Dubliners during the 20th century. As Joyce wrote Dubliners, he probably intended on telling what Ireland was like at the time that he wrote it. He uses many different themes in this book. He specifically uses the themes of light and dark and autonomy and responsibility to illustrate what life in Ireland is like. The stories that use these themes are â€Å"An Encounter†, â€Å"The Boarding House†, and â€Å"The Dead†. Each story contains the themes of light/autonomyRead MoreSymbolism Used in James Joyces Dubliners2126 Words   |  9 Pagesothers. 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The stories that express the ideas are: â€Å"The Encounter,† â€Å"Eveline†, and â€Å"The Dead.† The symbolism of individuals in society expresses many different situations that are happening in the characters lives. TheRead MoreJames Joyces Dubliners Essay1422 Words   |  6 PagesDubliners In the story Dubliners by James Joyce, he writes about a few different themes, some of these being autonomy, responsibility, light, and dark. The most important of the themes though must be the individual character in the story against the community and the way they see it. I have chosen to take a closer look at â€Å"Araby,† â€Å"Eveline,† and â€Å"The Dead† because the great display of these themes I feel is fascinating. Many things affect the way the individual characters seeRead MoreEssay on Evelines Decision in James Joyces Dubliners790 Words   |  4 PagesEvelines Decision in James Joyces Dubliners      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the short story, Eveline, James Joyce introduces us to the life of a young woman named Eveline. She has the opportunity to escape with Frank, the man she thinks she loves, to a faraway country in search of a new life.   Instead, she decides to stay in the dreary and gloomy life she already knows.   To understand Evelines final decision to stay we have to analyze the reasons that prevent Eveline from pursuing a better

Advanced Marketing Free Essays

Marketing includes planning, organizing, directing, and controlling the decision-making of a company regarding product lines, pricing, promotion, and servicing (Marketing, 2004). Comprehensive planning is important in marketing, thus a marketing plan is an important output of the marketing process. A marketing plan is a written document that details the actions necessary to achieve a specified marketing objective (Marketing plan, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on Advanced Marketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now A marketing plan determines the company’s target market, competition, products, budget, location, pricing, and promotional strategy. Strategic marketing plan and tactical marketing plan are the two outputs of a company’s over-all marketing plan. Marketing plan, strategic marketing plan, and tactical marketing plan are all part of the planning process and are prepared by organizations to outline the means in which objectives can be achieved. The strategic marketing plan usually has a time span of 3 to 5 years. The strategic marketing plan includes the strategic objectives of the company. The strategic objectives are those that create the environment in which the product or service will be sold (What is a marketing plan, 2006). At the strategic marketing plan level, management is scanning the environment, looking for developing markets as their target markets (Nowell, 2000). The tactical plan follows the strategic plan and focuses on implementing the first part of the strategic marketing plan. The tactical marketing plan is the execution of the company’s marketing plan such as generating leads, placing media, creating marketing tools, and implementing follow-up system (Gamble, 2005). Tactical marketing objectives of the company are tangible, measurable task that have to be accomplished to further the strategic objectives (What is a marketing plan, 2006). The tactical marketing plan as compared to strategic marketing plan presume the target market and other marketing strategy as a given and do not look at the external environment (Nowell, 2000). References Gamble, M. (2005). Strategic marketing and tactical marketing know the differences and profit. Retreived December 2, 2006 from: http://www.MYMOnDemand.com/vpc1_mgnm Marketing (2004). Encarta Reference Library. Microsoft Corporation Marketing Plan (2006) Wikipedia. Retrieved December 1, 2006 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_plan Nowell, D. (2000). Effective marketing plans. Retrieved December 2, 2006 from: http://www.sheridanc.on.ca/~nowell/markplan/intro.htm What is a marketing plan? (2006). Retrieved December 1, 2006 from: http://marketplan.us/what%20is%20a%20marketing%20plan%20doc.htm How to cite Advanced Marketing, Essays

Technology In Australian Healthcare System -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Are The Major Challenges In Implementing Information Technology In Healthcare In Australia? How Does Health Information Technology Influence The Standards Of Healthcare Delivery In Australia? How The Obstacles In Implementing Health Information Technology Can Be Eliminated In Australia? What Is The Role Of The Government To Promote Health Information System Technology In Healthcare Delivery? Answers: Introduction Due to rise in global population, traditional health care services cannot fulfil all the requirements of the massive target demographics. As per the reports published by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the population in Australian has increased by six times from 4 million in 1900 to 24 million in 2016 creating huge challenges in health services (Abs.gov.au, 2017). Evidently, the government of Australia is continuously assessing and monitoring the challenges in health care delivery as the growth of population has been a major worry. To deliver the best possible healthcare services for the Australian citizens, the introduction of healthcare information technology at different levels can be identified as one of the most commanding steps. Precisely, high life expectancy rate can be presented as an evidence of improved healthcare services in Australia (Lee Joshi, 2016). However, there are a number of challenges associated with implementing and monitoring the health information techn ology in Australia. Clearly, identification of the challenges in managing health information technology should be discussed for further improvement in healthcare services. Problem Statement In the current context of healthcare services in Australia, healthcare information technology enables to maintain a computerised system that effectively shares and transfers suitable health information records to the medical experts influencing the quality of healthcare (Lee Joshi, 2016). However, electronic accessibility of information and sharing the medical records via internet channel can be risky at times if security breaches are seen (Henderson, 2015). Most importantly, technology can become messy at times if it cannot be maintained and monitored properly. Additionally, the lack of IT knowledge among the nursing professionals and medical experts has emerged to be another major challenge for health information system. Hence, the challenges of implementing information technology in the healthcare services must be evaluated to avoid any type of medical errors in the upcoming future of technology advancement. Aim of the research The reported study has been aimed to identify the challenges and barriers that may affect the performance as well as the implementation of health information technology in Australia. Moreover, the study will reflect how health information system has increased the performance standards in healthcare delivery as well. Justification of the research In the modern context of healthcare delivery, health information system technology has become one of the most integral parts of managing and sharing health-related records and other medical aspects of patients (Aggarwal, Topaloglu Kumar, 2013). The health information technology has acted as a medium between the doctors and the patients to receive the best healthcare facilities and attention. By investigating the challenges in implementing the health information system psychology, the study can help out the researchers to access the quality and benefits of the system. Additionally, it will enable the healthcare organisation to understand the barriers and take necessary steps to improve their services. Precisely, identifying the challenges will lead to evaluate the solutions so that effective health information system can evidently minimise the number of medical errors. Literature Review Health information technology can be identified as an electronic method that can record the medical information of patients so that the doctors can easily access the relevant information to provide the best healthcare facilities. However, developing the health information system technology can be a bigger task as there are a number of safety regulations and cost-related challenges associated with the system (Costerison Graham, 2008). According to the research conducted by Ologunde (2013), in order to develop health information system such as mobile-based application, a significant amount of funding will be required to be invested. In addition, the maintenance cost of the system must be allocated to avoid any technical issues in delivering mobile technology-based healthcare services. Evidently, allocation of finance for such development can be recognised as one of the leading issues in the implementation of health information technology (Sakr Elgammal, 2016). In another study, Ducke tt (2007) identifies latest challenges for health information managers to deliver the most prominent healthcare service assistance. According to the researcher, there are a number of socio-technical factors that are affecting the safety and security of the clinical settings. For instance, the implementation of health information technology may disrupt the regular healthcare delivery of patients (Schatz, 2015). As a result of the same, care process may be affected leading to poor quality of health services. In another review of the literature, Spring (2011) elaborates that technological barriers are affecting the transfer and sharing of health information in recent times. According to the author, development of modern information technology has promoted latest software that can keep the records of thousands of patients at the same time in a secure way. However, to access the health information system, up-to-date hardware and internet speed must be required (Raghupathi Raghupathi, 2014). Hence, to maintain the communication system, both the consumers, as well as the healthcare service firms, need to upgrade the systems. In rural areas in Australia, such massive transformation and structural changes cannot be possible for a limited period of time (Lopes, Street, Carter Merlin, 2015). Hence, implementation of health information technology has been hampered in the remote but needy locations of the country. The study by Raw (2003) reviews how the standard of health information technology h as affected the implementation of the technology. Precisely, doctors and physicians in Australian can be identified as one of the leading agents of the system. However, electronic health services are yet not fully accepted by the management practitioners. Therefore, the reluctance of the medical practitioners to adopt the health information technology can be termed as a major obstacle to implement the system at the bigger picture (Lee Joshi, 2016). In another study by Hren (2013), the author states that cost of implementation and maintenance of the health information technology has been the biggest challenge for government as well as the healthcare service firms. To implement the health information technology at the larger stage will cost massive investment. In the current scenario of the budget deficit, the Australian government is not in a position to spend massive funds on developing such widespread technology system in the country (Aggarwal, Topaloglu Kumar, 2013). Hence, the implementation of the health information system has to be compromised and delayed. On the other hand, issue of security concerns in the health information system can be another challenge to promote health information system that has to be managed using the internet platform (Bramley, 2016). Due to the fear of security breach, many of the patients, as well as medical service providers, are reluctant to adopt the system. Other than that, Henderson (2015) explains how lack of collaboration of information sharing has led to the failure of health information system. In some cases, the author has found that miscommunication and lack of information sharing about the patients due to technical issues have converted into deadly outcome for the patients (Rallapalli, 2016). Therefore, such issues can act as obstacles to the implementation of health information technology. Methodology The methodology of the research presents the blueprint of the study that has been used to collect data and analyse them in order to answer the research questions. The study has been based on review technique in which the previous literatures relevant to the field of study has been evaluated and critically analysed to observe the major challenges that are faced by the healthcare organisations in implementing information technology in the healthcare services (Ketchen Bergh, 2016). Furthermore, the study is based on secondary data due to limitations of time and regulatory constraints. The secondary data has been collected from secondary sources such as journal articles, government reports, and books available in printed media or over the internet (Kothari Garg, 2016). Google Scholar has been used as a primary medium to search the secondary data sources for collecting the information required for the study. Moreover, the research has been conducted using qualitative research method, in which the research questions have been answered using secondary data analytics (Sittig Ash, 2011). Additionally, the findings of the research have been presented using descriptive research technique that helps to answer the research question in a thematic way (Kothari Garg, 2016). In other words, the research questions have been answered one by one using the secondary data and information collected from different sources. Results and Findings The entire research study has been based on secondary data and the analysis of the current state of scenario of the healthcare industry in Australia. Information technology has emerged to be a major factor for improving the standards of healthcare in a developed country like Australia. According to Rajakulendran, Maclntosh, Salah Khayat (2014), information technology has transformed the healthcare system in Canada making it more decentralised and connected. In the same manner, health IT has been implemented by the healthcare organisations in several developed countries of the world to develop an integrated healthcare model that can be used to improve the standard of care by providing better services (Rajakulendran, Maclntosh, Salah Khayat, 2014). The implementation of IT in healthcare improves the transfer and monitoring of data leading to a better communication system that enables the medical professionals to improve their services (Kellermann Jones, 2013). Data and Data Analytic s is the foremost contribution of information technology in the field of healthcare that makes it easier for the medical professionals to take care of the patients with decentralised and highly connected healthcare services (Rajakulendran, Maclntosh, Salah Khayat, 2014). Hence, it can be seen that information technology plays a significant role in improving the standards of healthcare services. A figure has been presented herein below for further consideration: According to the findings, it can be discovered that health information exchange using the IT has been regulated by a number of policy so that safety and security of the information can be retained. During the time of sharing the information, both the parties have to follow the compliance strictly (Schatz, 2015). However, information technology has been continuously played a major role in delivering quality healthcare services and facilities over the past decade or so (Bertrand, 2009). According to the reports, engagement of patients as well as the medical practitioners must be promoted up the order to increase the potential benefits of the health information system in Australia (Jang-Jaccard, Nepal, Alem Li, 2014). Sometimes, traditional citizens and doctors of the country have found it difficult to change the healthcare practices and regular habits. Therefore, wider adoption of the system in healthcare has been completely depended upon the willingness of the patients and the medic al practitioners (Lopes, Street, Carter Merlin, 2015). Moreover, the inception of Smartphone technology has made life easy for the social public to get used to the health information system. According to Dr. Jolly (2013), the federal government of Australia has allocated a budget of $466.7 million over two years to introduce the Person-Controlled Electronic Health Record System (PCEHR) in the year 2011. However, the initiative taken by the government was faced by several criticisms due to the issues of security and privacy if the records. Moreover, it has been found that the budget was too less for such a large initiative that resulted in the failure of the programme (Lopes, Street, Carter Merlin, 2015). Additionally, the initiative taken by the Australian government resulted in angst among the medical practitioners (Lawrence, Hancock Kisely, 2013). For instance, the clinical workloads of the medical practitioners increased with the implementation of Information Technology without any tangible benefits. Hence, it can be seen that the implementation of the information technology will fail if proper support from the medical practitioners are not gained. Dr. Jolly (2013) also said that the increase in expenses of the healthcare organisations in implementing Health Information Technology sometimes negatively impacts the budget of the organisation in rendering their services. For instance, several cases have been found in which the organisations downsizes the structure of the firm in order to utilise the money in the implementation of health information technology. Additionally, the government of Australia enforces the medical practitioners to participate in the implementation of IT in healthcare by introducing new policies. For instance, every medical practitioner need to participate in IT programmes in order to remain eligible for the Practice Incentives Programme (Lawrence, Hancock Kisely, 2013). Hence, a negative mindset has been created among the medical practitioners that have resulted as a barrier for implementing health information technology. Moreover, it can be seen that the rural areas lack proper internet services due to disbursed settlement and poor infrastructure (Sakr Elgammal, 2016). Hence, it becomes difficult for the citizens to take advantages of the e-health services and the information technology implemented by the healthcare organisations. Discussion On the basis of the literature review and findings of the research, it can be seen that the information technology plays a major role in improving the standards of healthcare services in the current scenario of increased health consciousness (Lawrence, Hancock Kisely, 2013). However, the challenges and barriers faced by the healthcare organisations, medical practitioners, government and patients regarding the use of information technology has become a major concern in the recent healthcare system of Australia (Bertrand, 2009). The government of Australia has taken several initiatives to promote the use of healthcare information system technology in the healthcare delivery (Sakr Elgammal, 2016). For instance, the introduction of the PCEHR programme and the PIP has been some of the major steps taken by the federal government of Australia to promote the use of information technology in healthcare services. Conversely, the lack of budget, data security issue, poor infrastructure in rur al areas and restriction from the medical practitioners has emerged to be the primary barriers for implement health information technology (Costerison Graham, 2008). Furthermore, the lack of technology in terms of user friendly applications is another challenge for the healthcare organisations to implement health information technology. Additionally, there are several people in Australia from the rural regions who do not know to use modern technologies in order to get healthcare information (Sakr Elgammal, 2016). Though the Australian Government has taken several initiatives to implement information technology in the healthcare system, the policy will never get success unless it received proper cooperation and support of the medical practitioners (Jang-Jaccard, Nepal, Alem Li, 2014). Moreover, the lack of IT knowledge and psychological mindset of increase in workload among the medical practitioners are several other challenges that must be mitigated to successful implement the IT in healthcare system of Australia. According to Dr. Jolly (2013), government need to collaborate with the medical institutions and provide monetary support in order to make the initiative successful. Additionally, training and develop programs must be conducted to mitigate the challenges and implement better technology in healthcare system to improve its standards in the future. Conclusion On the basis of the above analysis, it can be seen that health information system plays a major role in improving the standards of healthcare services. For instance, information technology makes the healthcare services decentralised and connected that enables a person to access healthcare information from home without visiting the hospital. The implementation of IT in healthcare services have provide new scopes of healthcare services in the form of e-health services that improves the current quality of the services. However, the challenges faced by the healthcare organisations in implementing IT in their services have become a major issue for the Australian economy. Though the government has already spent $466.7 million from 2011 and allocated further fund to implement IT in healthcare system, there is a need of more fund in the future to proceed with the process. Finally, the lack of IT knowledge and restrictions among the medical professionals is another major challenge for success fully implementing health information technology in Australia. Recommendations On the basis of the above analysis and findings of the research, the recommendations to mitigate the challenges of implementing information technology in the healthcare system of Australia have been presented herein below: Increase budget for information technology: The healthcare operations must allocate fund and increase their budget for implementing information technology in the healthcare system. A proper allocation of fund will help the healthcare organisations to make better utilisation of IT services in order to improve the standard of healthcare in Australia. Improve Government Policy: The Government of Australia need to introduce new policies and allocate funds to promote the use of information technology in healthcare services. The Australian government can provide subsidiaries to the healthcare organisation in order to implement IT in the healthcare services. IT training for medical practitioners: There is a need of IT training for the medical practitioners such as doctors, nurses, medical coordinators and others. The government can collaborate with medical institutions and healthcare organisations to provide such training to the professionals. Provide incentives to medical practitioners: The medical practitioners must be remunerated and provided with adequate incentives in order to take extra workload. It will motivate the medical professionals and influence them to actively participate in the change process. Limitation and Future scope The current research is based on secondary data that is obtained from previous literatures and findings of other authors. Furthermore, the study lacks in providing primary data due to the limited scope of primary research, regulatory obligations and time constraints. The findings and results of the research is totally based on the data and information collected from secondary sources that lacks personal observations and current thoughts of the professionals. Therefore, there is a scope to conduct primary research in this topic in order to observe the views and feedback of the medical practitioners. The primary research will enable the researcher to gain more knowledge on the chosen topic and present the current thoughts and observations of the medical practitioners regarding the challenges they face while using information technology in healthcare services. References Aggarwal, S., Topaloglu, H., Kumar, S. (2013). Importance of Subgroup Analyses for Health Technology Assessments.Value In Health,16(7), A462. Bertrand, W. (2009). Information as a Primary Health Care intervention: The impact of new technology on improving health for all.Information Technology For Development,4(4), 741-749. Bramley, M. (2016). Information Technology (IT) in Health.Health Information Management,26(1), 44-45. Costerison, E., Graham, A. (2008). Developing and promoting an intranet site for a drug information service.American Journal Of Health-System Pharmacy,65(7), 639-643. Duckett, S. (2007). New Challenges for Health Information Managers.Health Information Management,27(1), 6-6. Henderson, J. (2015). Standing Your Ground: The Importance of Health Information Managers Sharing What They Do.Health Information Management Journal,44(3), 4-6. Hren, R. (2013). The Importance of Sensitivity Analyses in Health Technology Assessments.Value In Health,16(7), A617-A618. Jang-Jaccard, J., Nepal, S., Alem, L., Li, J. (2014). Barriers for Delivering Telehealth in Rural Australia: A Review Based on Australian Trials and Studies.Telemedicine And E-Health,20(5), 496-504. Jolly, R. (2013).E health - Budget Review 201213 Index.Aph.gov.au. Retrieved October 2017, from https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/BudgetReview201213/Ehealth Kellermann, A., Jones, S. (2013). What It Will Take To Achieve The As-Yet-Unfulfilled Promises Of Health Information Technology.Health Affairs,32(1), 63-68. Ketchen, D., Bergh, D. (2016).Research methodology in strategy and management. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Kothari, C., Garg, G. (2016).Research methodology. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Limeted. Lawrence, D., Hancock, K., Kisely, S. (2013). The gap in life expectancy from preventable physical illness in psychiatric patients in Western Australia: retrospective analysis of population based registers.BMJ,346(may21 1), f2539-f2539. Lee, K., Joshi, K. (2016). Importance of Globalization in the Information Technology Convergence Era.Journal Of Global Information Technology Management,19(1), 1-5. Lopes, E., Street, J., Carter, D., Merlin, T. (2015). Involving patients in health technology funding decisions: stakeholder perspectives on processes used in Australia.Health Expectations,19(2), 331-344. Ologunde, R. (2013). The Challenges of Health System financial.World Medical Health Policy,5(4), 403-411. Population - Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2017).Abs.gov.au. Retrieved October 2017, from https://www.abs.gov.au/Population Raghupathi, W., Raghupathi, V. (2014). Big data analytics in healthcare: promise and potential.Health Information Science And Systems,2(1). Rajakulendran, N., Maclntosh, E., Salah, H., Khayat, Z. (2014).Transforming Health: Decentralized and connected.MaRS. Retrieved October 2017, from https://www.marsdd.com/news-and-insights/transforming-health-decentralized-connected-care/ Rallapalli, S. (2016). Improving Healthcare-Big Data Analytics for Electronic Health Records on Cloud.Journal Of Advances In Information Technology,7(1), 65-68. Raw, J. (2003). Standards for Health Information and Related Health Information Technology.Health Information Management,31(3), 1-5. Sakr, S., Elgammal, A. (2016). Towards a Comprehensive Data Analytics Framework for Smart Healthcare Services.Big Data Research,4, 44-58. Schatz, B. (2015). National Surveys of Population Health: Big Data Analytics for Mobile Health Monitors.Big Data,3(4), 219-229. Sittig, D., Ash, J. (2011). On the Importance of Using a Multidimensional Sociotechnical Model to Study Health Information Technology.The Annals Of Family Medicine,9(5), 390-391. Spring, H. (2011). Meeting the challenges of clinical information provision.Health Information Libraries Journal.